At the same time, the effects of urbanization on energy consumption vary across scales and over countries 4, 5, 6. Energy consumption, and its socioeconomic and environmental impacts, have imposed a critical influence on urban sustainability 1. There is a long and rich history of research exploring the association between energy demand and urbanization 1, 2, 3. China should promote renewable resources and energy, pursue a low-carbon lifestyle, and reduce energy intensity over the next few decades. China still has a long way to achieve the low-carbon transition goal. All three scenarios witness a dramatic growth of residential energy consumption and a steady increase of industrial energy consumption. Under the low carbon transition scenario, China’s urbanization rate is expected to reach 76.41% in 2050, both reducing carbon emissions and promoting eco-friendly development. The result reveals that rapid economic growth and sufficient energy supply will foster China’s urbanization in all three scenarios. Three scenarios are provided: accelerated economic development, emission reduction constraint, and low-carbon oriented. In this paper, an integrated system dynamics model composed of four sub-models is developed to simulate the urbanization and energy consumption in China from 1998 to 2050. The rapid urbanization in China has been associated with a growing hunger for energy consumption and steadily-increasing CO 2 emissions.